今天來總結的stm32基礎知識是啟動文件相關。要想對是stm32單片機有個深入的理解，那么啟動文件就是一個繞不過去的坎。
一、什么是啟動文件
簡單說，啟動文件是在單片機用戶程序執行之前，執行的一段匯編代碼。這段匯編代碼是執行用戶程序之前的一個準備環節。文件名以.s的格式來命名，表明其是匯編文件。啟動文件，不用自己進行編寫，參照一些偽指令定義，能夠看得懂，在實際開發中如果涉及到一些改動，能夠簡單修改就可以了。
二、啟動文件所講內容概要
那么，啟動文件里面主要講的是什么內容呢？分為如下5個方面：
1.堆棧空間的定義；
2.初始化中斷向量表；
3.復位中斷函數（Reset_Handler）{系統初始化，然后進入main函數}；
4.中斷函數的弱（WEAK）聲明
5.用戶棧和堆初始化
三、啟動文件使用的匯編指令匯總
啟動文件一般都是由匯編代碼和偽指令來寫的。
1、下面表格就是啟動文件中出現的偽指令名稱及其相關的含義。請大家參考：
2、幾個名詞解釋
堆
堆主要用來動態內存的分配，像 malloc()函數申請的內存就在堆上面。這個在 STM32里面用的比較少
棧
棧的作用是用于局部變量，函數調用，函數形參等的開銷，棧的大小不能超過內部SRAM 的大小。棧的生長方向是由高地址向低地址擴展。
THUMB
THUMB：表示后面指令兼容 THUMB 指令。 THUBM 是 ARM 以前的指令集， 16bit，現在 Cortex-M 系列的都使用 THUMB-2 指令集， THUMB-2 是 32 位的，兼容 16 位和 32 位的指令，是 THUMB 的超集。
中斷向量表
中斷向量表：把系統中所有的中斷類型碼及其對應的中斷向量按一定的規律存放在一個區域內，這個存儲區域就叫中斷向量表。
四、啟動文件解讀
下面是我項目工程中的完整啟動文件代碼。按照以上5個內容分類進行展開。這里只選取我覺得比較關鍵的部分進行闡述，不會逐字逐句的說明。提示注意一下，匯編文件的注釋是通過 “；”來開始的，不是像C語言中，是通過// 或者/***/來進行注釋的。“；”在匯編文件中，也就等同于.c文件中的“//”。
1.堆棧空間的定義；
Stack_Size EQU 0x00000400 AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size__initial_sp; Heap Configuration; Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>; Heap_Size EQU 0x00000200 AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3__heap_baseHeap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size__heap_limit PRESERVE8開辟棧的大小為 0X00000400（1KB），名字為 STACK， NOINIT 即不初始化，可讀可寫， 8（2^3）字節對齊。
開辟堆的大小為 0X00000200（512 字節），名字為 HEAP， NOINIT 即不初始化，可讀可寫， 8（2^3）字節對齊。
2.初始化中斷向量表；
THUMB; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY EXPORT __Vectors EXPORT __Vectors_End EXPORT __Vectors_Size__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler ; External Interrupts DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window WatchDog DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detection DCD TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler ; Tamper and TimeStamps through the EXTI line DCD RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler ; RTC Wakeup through the EXTI line DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; FLASH DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line0 DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line1 DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line2 DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line3 DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line4 DCD DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 0 DCD DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 1 DCD DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 2 DCD DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 3 DCD DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 4 DCD DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 5 DCD DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 6 DCD ADC_IRQHandler ; ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3s DCD CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN1 TX DCD CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX0 DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1 DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; External Line[9:5]s DCD TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break and TIM9 DCD TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update and TIM10 DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation and TIM11 DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2 DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3 DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4 DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1 DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2 DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1 DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2 DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3 DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; External Line[15:10]s DCD RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm (A and B) through EXTI Line DCD OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS Wakeup through EXTI line DCD TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break and TIM12 DCD TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update and TIM13 DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation and TIM14 DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare DCD DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream7 DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5 DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3 DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4 DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5 DCD TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler ; TIM6 and DAC1&2 underrun errors DCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7 DCD DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 0 DCD DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 1 DCD DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 2 DCD DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 3 DCD DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 4 DCD ETH_IRQHandler ; Ethernet DCD ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler ; Ethernet Wakeup through EXTI line DCD CAN2_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN2 TX DCD CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX0 DCD CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX1 DCD CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN2 SCE DCD OTG_FS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS DCD DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 5 DCD DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 6 DCD DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 7 DCD USART6_IRQHandler ; USART6 DCD I2C3_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C3 event DCD I2C3_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C3 error DCD OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 Out DCD OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 In DCD OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS Wakeup through EXTI DCD OTG_HS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS DCD DCMI_IRQHandler ; DCMI DCD CRYP_IRQHandler ; CRYP crypto DCD HASH_RNG_IRQHandler ; Hash and Rng DCD FPU_IRQHandler ; FPU__Vectors_End__Vectors_Size EQU __Vecto- __Vectors3.復位中斷函數（Reset_Handler）{系統初始化，然后進入main函數}；
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY; Reset handlerReset_Handler PROC EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK] IMPORT SystemInit IMPORT __main LDR R0, =SystemInit BLX R0 LDR R0, =__main BX R0 ENDP4.中斷函數的弱（WEAK）聲
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)NMI_Handler PROC EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPHardFault_Handler\ PROC EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPMemManage_Handler\ PROC EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPBusFault_Handler\ PROC EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPUsageFault_Handler\ PROC EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPSVC_Handler PROC EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPDebugMon_Handler\ PROC EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPPendSV_Handler PROC EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPSysTick_Handler PROC EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPDefault_Handler PROC EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ADC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ETH_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_FS_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C3_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C3_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DCMI_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CRYP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT HASH_RNG_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FPU_IRQHandler [WEAK]WWDG_IRQHandler PVD_IRQHandler TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler FLASH_IRQHandler RCC_IRQHandler EXTI0_IRQHandler EXTI1_IRQHandler EXTI2_IRQHandler EXTI3_IRQHandler EXTI4_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ADC_IRQHandler CAN1_TX_IRQHandler CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler EXTI9_5_IRQHandler TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler TIM1_CC_IRQHandler TIM2_IRQHandler TIM3_IRQHandler TIM4_IRQHandler I2C1_EV_IRQHandler I2C1_ER_IRQHandler I2C2_EV_IRQHandler I2C2_ER_IRQHandler SPI1_IRQHandler SPI2_IRQHandler USART1_IRQHandler USART2_IRQHandler USART3_IRQHandler EXTI15_10_IRQHandler RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler TIM8_CC_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler FSMC_IRQHandler SDIO_IRQHandler TIM5_IRQHandler SPI3_IRQHandler UART4_IRQHandler UART5_IRQHandler TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler TIM7_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ETH_IRQHandler ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler CAN2_TX_IRQHandler CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler OTG_FS_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler USART6_IRQHandler I2C3_EV_IRQHandler I2C3_ER_IRQHandler OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler OTG_HS_IRQHandler DCMI_IRQHandler CRYP_IRQHandler HASH_RNG_IRQHandlerFPU_IRQHandler B . ENDP ALIGN如果我們在使用某個外設的時候，開啟了某個中斷，但是又忘記編寫配套的中斷服務程序或者函數名寫錯，那當中斷來臨的時，程序就會跳轉到啟動文件預先寫好的空的中斷服務程序中，并且在這個空函數中無線循環，即程序就死在這里。這也是[weak]起到的作用。關于weak,可以網絡搜索，了解一下虛函數，和這里是一個意思。
5.用戶棧和堆初始
;*******************************************************************************; User Stack and Heap initialization;******************************************************************************* IF :DEF:__MICROLIB EXPORT __initial_sp EXPORT __heap_base EXPORT __heap_limit ELSE IMPORT __use_two_region_memory EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap__user_initial_stackheap LDR R0, = Heap_Mem LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size) LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size) LDR R3, = Stack_Mem BX LR ALIGN ENDIF END五、理解啟動文件的用途總結
1、項目整體把控
每一款芯片，如果你想使用它來做開發，那都有必要了解一下它的啟動文件。通過了解，我們可以體會到處理器的架構、指令集、中斷向量安排等內容，對整個片子有一個整體的認識。
2、修改堆棧
如果堆棧不夠用了，可以修改他們的大小。尤其是棧，當我們需求增加，代碼量自然而然就會增多。那么定義的局部變量，函數嵌套的層數必然也就會增多。這個時候就需要關注棧的大小，如果發生溢出，程序就會發生意想不到的后果。